The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the neck. It plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism and maintaining overall health.
While thyroid disorders are commonly associated with adults, they also affect children as well. However, because thyroid issues normally develop later in life, thyroid problems can often be misdiagnosed in children and young adults.
At the Endocrine Co., we offer treatment for pediatric hormones to families in the Orlando, FL area. Our team takes a holistic approach to pediatric hormone problems, investigating every unique aspect of a child’s being (including family medical history, genetics, environment, nutrition, and more) to uncover the root causes of slow growth, delayed or early puberty, and much more. In this article, we’ll explore the signs, symptoms, and causes of pediatric thyroid disease to help parents and caregivers recognize and address these conditions in children.
Hormones and the Thyroid Gland
Before delving into pediatric thyroid diseases, it’s important to have a basic understanding of the thyroid gland’s function. The thyroid gland produces hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which control the body’s metabolism. These hormones influence a wide range of bodily functions, including heart rate, energy expenditure, and the growth and development of tissues and organs. In children, the proper functioning of the thyroid gland is crucial for normal growth, cognitive development, and overall health.
Common Signs and Symptoms of Pediatric Thyroid Disease
Thyroid disorders in children can manifest with a variety of signs and symptoms. It’s important for parents, caregivers, and healthcare professionals to be vigilant in recognizing these indicators, as early diagnosis and treatment can make a significant difference in a child’s quality of life. While children often get sick, pay attention to long-term declines in energy levels and growth.
The signs and symptoms of pediatric thyroid disease can vary depending on the specific condition, but some common ones include:
Fatigue and Weakness
Children with an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) may experience fatigue, weakness, and low energy levels. This can lead to decreased participation in physical activities and a lack of interest in play.
Poor Growth and Delayed Development
Hypothyroidism can hinder a child’s growth and development. Children may have delayed milestones, such as crawling, walking, and talking, and fall behind their peers in height and weight.
Weight Changes
Both hypo- and hyperthyroidism can cause fluctuations in weight. Hypothyroidism is often associated with weight gain, while hyperthyroidism can lead to unexplained weight loss despite increased appetite.
Mood Changes
Thyroid disorders can affect a child’s mood and behavior. Hypothyroidism may lead to depression, irritability, and decreased social interaction, while hyperthyroidism can cause anxiety, restlessness, and irritability.
Changes in Heart Rate
Hyperthyroidism can result in an elevated heart rate (tachycardia) and palpitations, which may be noticeable in children as increased restlessness or nervousness.
Intolerance to Cold or Heat
Children with thyroid disorders may be susceptible to temperature changes. Hypothyroidism can cause intolerance to cold weather, while hyperthyroidism may lead to high tolerance to heat and excessive sweating.
Constipation or Diarrhea
Thyroid dysfunction can affect the gastrointestinal system, leading to constipation in hypothyroidism and diarrhea in hyperthyroidism.
Skin and Hair Changes
Dry, rough skin and brittle hair are common in children with hypothyroidism, while hyperthyroidism may lead to increased sweating and thinning hair.
Menstrual Irregularities
In adolescent girls, thyroid disorders can disrupt menstrual cycles, leading to irregular or heavy periods.
Goiter
A goiter is a symptom of an enlarged thyroid gland. It provides a visible sign of thyroid disease in the neck. It may be present in both hypo- and hyperthyroidism.
5 Possible Causes of Pediatric Thyroid Disease
Understanding the underlying causes of pediatric thyroid disease is crucial for effective diagnosis and management. Thyroid disorders in children can be divided into two main categories: congenital and acquired.
1. Congenital Causes
Congenital Hypothyroidism is a condition present at birth, where the thyroid gland doesn’t develop properly or is absent altogether. It can result from genetic factors or maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy. Early detection through newborn screening is crucial, as untreated congenital hypothyroidism can lead to severe developmental delays and intellectual disability.
In some cases, the thyroid gland may not migrate to its proper location in the neck during fetal development, resulting in thyroid dysgenesis. This congenital anomaly can lead to hypothyroidism.
2. Acquired Causes
Some cases of thyroiditis are caused by autoimmune issues. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism in children. It is an autoimmune disorder where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and decreased hormone production.
Graves’ disease is another autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism in children. In this condition, the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones.
3. Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid nodules are abnormal growths or lumps within the thyroid gland. While most thyroid nodules are benign, some can be cancerous or produce excess thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism.
4. Radiation Therapy
Children who have undergone radiation therapy to the neck or chest, often as a treatment for cancer, may be at risk of developing thyroid problems later in life.
5. Medications
Certain medications, such as lithium or amiodarone, can interfere with thyroid function in children and lead to thyroid disorders.
Pediatric thyroid disease can have a significant impact on a child’s growth, development, and overall health. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of thyroid disorders in children is essential for early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Children with thyroid disease can lead healthy and fulfilling lives with proper medical care and management.
Contact the Endocrine Co if You Suspect Your Child May Have a Thyroid Problem
Early intervention can make a world of difference in a child’s well-being and future. If you suspect that your child may have a thyroid disorder, schedule an appointment with the Endocrine Co. today. Our healthcare professionals will perform a thorough evaluation to determine the cause of your child’s thyroid problem and recommend appropriate treatment options.